SOLID PARTICLES FREE

Finally some other structures that can be stabilized by solid particles are mentioned. The possibility of forming thermodynamically (rather than kinetically) stable emulsions if (i) the line tension in the three-phase contact line around adsorbed particles is negative, and (ii) when Janus particles are used, is explored. The latter method is analogous to changing the HLB in surfactant-stabilized emulsions. Emulsions can be inverted from one type to the other either by changing the liquid volume fractions or the (mean) wettability of the particles. Hydrophobic particles tend to stabilize W/O emulsions whereas hydrophilic particles favour O/W emulsions. For roughly equal volumes of oil and water, together with solid particles, the ‘preferred’ emulsion type depends on the relative wettability of the particles by oil and water.

18 Emulsions stabilized by solid particlesĪdsorbed solid particles can stabilize (Pickering) emulsions and multiple emulsions very effectively.

17 Particles in monolayers and thin liquid films.

Section VII Systems with particles at liquid interfaces.

The model can be used to explain the physical.

Section VI Wetting of liquids and solids It describes the arrangement, movement and energy of particles in a substance.

Section V Dispersions stabilized by surfactants.

11 Surface forces and colloidal behaviour.

Section IV Surface forces and thin liquid films.

10 Surfactants in systems with oil and water, including microemulsions.

9 Aggregation of surfactants in aqueous systems.

Section III Aggregation of surfactants in solution.

Particularly the tiniest particles which are either equal in size or smaller than the critical dynamic clearances. These particles flow through the hydraulic system under high pressure and at high speed and sandblast its components (pumps, valves, seals and cylinders).

8 Direct characterization of adsorbed surfactant layers A granular material is a conglomeration of discrete solid, macroscopic particles characterized by a loss of energy whenever the particles interact (the most common example would be friction when grains collide). Solid particles multiply continuously in hydraulic systems.

7 Adsorption of surfactants at solid/liquid interfaces.

5 Adsorption of surfactants at liquid/vapour and liquid/liquid interfaces.

4 Adsorption of surfactants at liquid interfaces: thermodynamics.

3 Capillarity, wetting, and surface (interfacial) tension.

2 Oil and water do not mix-hydrophobic hydration.

SOLID PARTICLES FREE

The sum of α + β = 1.700 (applicable in the free molecular regime) was 4.45% higher than Millikan's value for oil droplets this observation is consistent with the expectation that a higher percentage of molecules undergo specular reflections from the surface of a solid particle than from the surface of an oil droplet. This value of α agrees very closely with Millikan's result (adjusted to the same mean free path). The fitted nonlinear least squares values of α, β, and γ are 1.142 (☐.0024 SE), 0.558 (± 0.0024 SE), and 0.999 (☐.0212 SE), respectively, for the assumed mean free path of 0.0673 μm for air at sea level and 23☌ with viscosity of 183.245 micropoise.

Measurements were made on 11 polystyrene latex-divinylbenzene particles, 25 polyvinyltoluene particles, and 54 polystyrene latex particles, spanning a Knudsen number range from 0.03 to 7.2. In this study an improved version of the Millikan apparatus was designed, built, and used to measure the slip correction factors for 90 solid, spherical particles in air. Because of differences in molecular interactions with the surfaces of solid particles and oil drops, different parameters should be appropriate for solid particles. The parameters α, β, and γ are customarily those based upon the experiments reported in 19 by R. The Knudsen-Weber form of the slip correction is given by C(Kn)= 1 + Kn. A slip correction factor is used to correct Stokes' law for the fact that the no-slip boundary condition is violated for small aerosol particles moving with respect to the gaseous medium.